Marx argued that all history was a history of class struggles, and that the working class (or proletariat) would inevitably triumph over the capital class (bourgeoisie) and win control over the means of production, forever erasing all classes.Ĭommunism, sometimes referred to as revolutionary socialism, also originated as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, and came to be defined by Marx’s theories-taken to their extreme end. ![]() With his collaborator Friedrich Engels, Marx published The Communist Manifesto in 1848, which included a chapter criticizing those earlier socialist models as utterly unrealistic “utopian” dreams. Then came Karl Marx, the German political philosopher and economist who would become one of the most influential socialist thinkers in history. ![]() In the first half of the 19th century, early socialist thinkers like Henri de Saint-Simon, Robert Owen and Charles Fourier presented their own models for reorganizing society along the lines of cooperation and community, rather than the competition inherent in capitalism, where the free market controlled the supply and demand of goods. Many workers grew increasingly poor even as factory owners and other industrialists accrued massive wealth. Socialism emerged in response to the extreme economic and social changes caused by the Industrial Revolution, and particularly the struggles of workers.
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